The so-called national origin system, with various modifications, lasted until Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1965. Foreign-born Chinese also won the right to seek naturalization. In 1943, when China was a member of the Allied Nations during World War II, Congress repealed all the exclusion acts. However, quotas remained, leaving a yearly limit of 105 Chinese immigrants. The Immigration Act of 1924 (also known as the Johnson-Reed Act and the National Origins Act) established the 1890 census as the basis for determining how many immigrants would be admitted - the limit for each nationality was 2 percent of that nationality already living in the United States and recorded by the census takers. Congress shifted its attention to limiting immigration from a wider variety of countries, including many in Southern and Eastern Europe and all of Asia. With increased immigration following World War I, Congress adopted new means for regulation: quotas and requirements pertaining to national origin. The Geary Act regulated Chinese immigration into the 20th century. Without a certificate, they faced deportation. This extension, made permanent in 1902, added restrictions by requiring each Chinese resident to register and obtain a certificate of residence. When the exclusion act expired in 1892, Congress extended it for 10 years in the form of the Geary Act. Congress, moreover, refused state and federal courts the right to grant citizenship to Chinese resident aliens, although these courts could still deport them. If they left the United States, they had to obtain certifications to re-enter. The 1882 exclusion act also placed new requirements on Chinese who had already entered the country. But this group found it increasingly difficult to prove their status because the 1882 act defined laborers as "skilled and unskilled.and Chinese employed in mining." Thus very few Chinese could enter the country under the 1882 law. The Chinese Exclusion Act required the few non-laborers who sought entry to the United States (such as diplomatic officers) to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate. For the first time, federal law proscribed entry of an ethnic working group on the premise that it endangered the good order of certain localities. This act provided an absolute 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States. State codes of CRIMINAL PROCEDURE and the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure regulate the use of bills of particulars in criminal prosecutions in their respective courts.In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. As in civil procedure, a bill of particulars is not intended to serve as a discovery device. The defendant is given notice of the offenses with which he or she is charged so that a defense may be prepared and the possibility of surprise or DOUBLE JEOPARDY avoided. It is submitted by the prosecution to the defendant, at the defendant's demand, to provide the facts alleged in the complaint or the indictment that related to the commission of the crime. In CRIMINAL LAW, a bill of particulars serves the same purpose. If, however, the information sought by such a motion is obtainable by use of discovery mechanisms, the motion will be denied. In federal courts the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure have replaced the use of a bill of particulars with a motion for a more definite statement. State codes of CIVIL PROCEDURE impose rules that govern the use of bills of particulars in civil actions brought in state court. It is not to be used as a discovery device to learn the evidence or strategy to be used at trial by the opposing party. A bill of particulars is neither a PLEADING nor proof of the facts it states, but, rather, an elucidation of a pleading. It also serves to expedite the orderly progress of judicial proceedings by reducing, if not eliminating, the need for the amendment of ambiguous or vague pleadings. Its function is to give the party who requests it knowledge of what the opposing party has alleged in order to protect the party requesting the bill from surprise and in order to establish the real issues of the action. A bill can be submitted either voluntarily or pursuant to a court order for compliance with the demand. Although usually requested by a defendant, it can be demanded by a plaintiff if the defendant makes a counterclaim for a setoff or asserts a defense against him or her. In civil actions a bill of particulars is a written demand for the specifics of why an action at law was brought.
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